The Analysis of Word Formation in Movie “Wonder” and Its Application in Teaching vocabulary

. The aims of this research are to find out word formation in the movie entitled “Wonder” and to describe the application of word formation in movie “Wonder” to teach vocabulary. This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. The object is the movie entitled “Wonder”. The data of this study is word formation processes in the movie. To collect the data, the writers do some steps. Those are watching the movie, reading the movie script, and identifying the word formation processes. In analysing the data, the writers conduct some steps: identifying word formation processes in the utterances used by the main characters, classifying the data into types of word formation based on George Yule’s theory, and applying the finding to teach vocabulary. The result of this research shows that there are 148 word formations that are classified into ten types of word formation: 53 of compounding (36%), 5 of coinage (4%), 23 of borrowing (16%), 2 of blending (1%), 8 of clipping (5%), 3 of backformation (2%), 5 of conversion (4%), 2 of acronyms (1%), 45 of derivation (30%), and 2 of multiple processes (1%). The finding of this research can be applied in teaching vocabulary.


Introduction
Human beings are social creatures that rely on communication to deal with one and another in their lives. In communication, people need language to express their ideas, feelings, and emotions. English is one of the languages which is widely used in the world. It is important to be mastered because most of the current international communication is delivered through English. However, English is not an official language in most countries. It is the language most often taught in various situations as a foreign language.
Vocabulary is one of the crucial components in learning English as a foreign language. Vocabulary is the key to communicate to other people and to express ideas or opinion clearly and easily [1]. Vocabulary itself concerns with words and meanings. It is the matter of the word choice that is used to express ideas or opinions either in written or in spoken English. Mastering vocabulary makes us able to speak English in various kinds of topic. Mastering vocabulary also allows us to develop the four language skills [2]. However, many learners have difficulties in vocabulary. Most of them have limited number of vocabularies. It is also hard for them to memorize the meaning of the words. It makes the learners difficult in choosing the appropriate meaning of the words based on the context. Dealing with learning vocabulary, people also learn many parts of linguistics. One of them is morphology. Morphology concerns about word structure and word formation. Word formation is one of the discussions of morphology about the process of producing a new word with different meaning [3]. The processes might be from the old words to the new uses without changing the meaning or it may completely create new words [4]. Learning word formation would assist learners to expand their vocabulary mastery [5].
The phenomenon of word-formation process can be occurred in the various media such as textbooks, advertisements, video cameras, computers, songs, movies, etc. From those media, movies have more interesting impression than the other media. Movie is an audio-visual communication that can include various messages such as education, information, and entertainment. The use of movie in teaching and learning process can attract the learners' attention from a method that is always monotonous. By watching a movie, especially English movie, learners not only can get an entertainment but also can improve their vocabulary mastery.
One of the interesting movies is a movie directed by Stephen Chbosky entitled "Wonder". Wonder is a drama movie produced based on a novel with the same title written by R.J. Palacio. This movie tells about a 10-year-old boy, Auggie, with a rare medical facial deformity named "mandibulofacial dysostosis". There are a lot of new vocabularies in this movie that might be formed through a process of word formation. Those new vocabularies can be thought to students so they can enrich their vocabulary mastery.
Referring to the explanations above, the writers want to investigate the word formation by using this movie as the data source of this research. In order to treat the topics more precisely and effectively, the researcher will only discuss about word formation by analyzing the utterances used by the main characters in "Wonder" movie. The researcher will also describe the application of the result to teach vocabulary. The result of this research is expected to give contribution in improving students' vocabulary mastery. Likewise teachers can consider it as an additional reference material in teaching linguistics, especially word formation. Teachers can also make teaching learning process more interesting by using movie as their teaching media.
There are some researches that have been done related to the topic of word formation. The first research conducted by [6] discusses word formation process in film script The Adventures of Tintin, while [7] searches the formations of word in Andrea Hirata's Rainbow Troops. The similarity between the previous studies and this research is that the data is about word-formation processes. The difference with this research is that this one focuses on the application of word formation in teaching vocabulary.

Literature Review
The writers take theories as a foundation to conduct the research. The theory used is related to word formation.

Word Formation
Word formation can be defined as the process of producing a new word with different meaning. Plag as cited in [7] defines word formation as a process of creating new words on the basis of already existing words, including the addition and subtraction of phonetic (or orthographic) material. [8] defines wordformation processes (mechanism) as the study of the processes whereby new words come into being in a language. The processes are forming new words from the use of old words to the new uses. [8] states that there are some of the basic processes by which new words are created. The types of word formation processes will be explained as follows:

1) Coinage
Coinage is the invention of totally new terms. The most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product. The examples are aspirin, nylon, vaseline and zipper; kleenex, teflon, tylenol and xerox.
New words based on the name of a person or a place are called eponyms. When we talked about a hoover (or even a spangler), we were using an eponym. Other common eponyms are sandwich (from the eighteenth-century Earl of Sandwich who first insisted on having his bread and meat together while gambling) and jeans (from the Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made). Some eponyms are technical terms, based on the names of those who first discovered or invented things, such as fahrenheit (from the German, Gabriel Fahrenheit), volt (from the Italian, Alessandro Volta) and watt (from the Scot, James Watt).

2) Compounding
Compounding is a combining process of two or more words together to produce a new single form. Common English compounds are bookcase, fingerprint, good-looking, low-paid, fast-food, and full-time.

4) Blending
Blending is a combining process of two separate forms to produce a single new term by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. Some examples of blending are the term smog (smoke + fog), smaze (smoke + haze), gasohol (gasoline + alcohol), brunch (breakfast + lunch), telecast (television + broadcast), and the Chunnel (channel + tunnel).

5) Clipping
Clipping occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form. The examples are fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab (cabriolet), condo (condominium), fan (fanatic), flu (influenza), perm (permanent wave), phone, plane and pub (public house). English speakers also like to clip each other's names, as in Al, Ed, Liz, Mike, Ron, Sam, Sue and Tom.

6) Backformation
Backformation defined as a process of reducing a word of one type (usually a noun) to form a word of another type (usually a verb). The examples of backformation are television (from 'televise'), donate (from 'donation'), emote (from 'emotion'), enthuse (from 'enthusiasm'), liaise (from 'liaison') and babysit (from 'babysitter'). Indeed, when we use the verb backform (Did you know that 'opt' was backformed from 'option'?), we are using a backformation.

7) Conversion
Conversion is a change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction). A number of nouns such as bottle, butter, chair and vacation have come to be used, through conversion, as verbs: We bottled the home-brew last night; Have you buttered the toast?; Someone has to chair the meeting; They're vacationing in Florida.
The conversion can involve verbs and phrasal verbs becoming nouns, with guess, must, spy, and to print out as the sources of a guess, a must, a spy, and a printout. Some verbs, such as see through and stand up, can also become adjectives, as in see-through material or a stand-up comedian. Or adjectives, as in a dirty floor, an empty room, some crazy ideas and those nasty people, can become the verbs to dirty and to empty, or the nouns a crazy and the nasty.

8) Acronyms
Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. The examples are ATM ('automatic teller machine'), CD ('compact disk'), and VCR ('video cassette recorder') where the pronunciation consists of saying each separate letter. More typically, acronyms are pronounced as new single words, as in NATO, NASA, PIN or UNESCO. These examples have kept their capital letters, but many acronyms simply become everyday terms such as laser ('light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation'), radar ('radio detecting and ranging'), scuba ('self-contained underwater breathing apparatus') and zip ('zone improvement plan') code.

9) Derivation
Derivation can be defined as a word-formation process by adding affixes which create a new form, new meaning and can be changing the word class. There are three kinds of affixes from derivation. Affixes that have to be added to the beginning of the word are called prefixes. The examples of prefixes are un-, mis-, pre-which appear in words like unhappy, misrepresent, and prejudge. Other affixes that have to be added to the end of the word are called suffixes. Some examples of suffixes are -ful, -less, -ish, -ism, and -ness in words joyful, careless, boyish, terrorism and sadness. The last kind of affixes is infix which means affix that is incorporated inside another word. Infix is not normally used in English, but found in some other languages. The examples of infixes are Hallebloodylujah!, Absogoddamlutely!, and Unfuckinbelievable!.

10) Multiple processes
Multiple processes is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word. For example, the term deli seems to have become a common American English expression via a process of first borrowing delicatessen (from German) and then clipping that borrowed form. If someone says that problems with the project have snowballed, the final word can be analyzed as an example of compounding in which snow and ball were combined to form the noun snowball, which was then turned into a verb through conversion.

Teaching Vocabulary
Teaching a foreign language means teaching its components, one of which is vocabulary. Vocabulary itself concerned with words and meanings, as [9] state that vocabulary is the knowledge of the meanings of words. Field, in [10], states that vocabulary is defined as the single words which are easily translated from one language to another language. [11] says that vocabulary can be defined, roughly, as the words we teach in the foreign language. It can be concluded that vocabulary is the basic component of language which concerned with words and its meaning, and it may be used to facilitate students in learning foreign language. Linse, in [12], states that young learners' vocabulary development is an important aspect of their language development. The more words students know, the easier they will understand the foreign language. [13] says that teaching vocabulary can help learners to build up knowledge of words in any way that will enable them to use the language efficiently and successfully. It means that teaching vocabulary is considered as one of the most important parts of teaching English as a foreign language.
There must be some problems appear in teaching and learning vocabulary process. [14] indicate that teaching vocabulary may be problematic because many teachers are not confident about the best practice in vocabulary teaching and at times do not know where to begin to form an instructional emphasis on word learning. Many teachers have problems how to teach students in order to gain satisfying results. According to [15], the teachers should prepare and find out the appropriate techniques, which will be implemented to the students. A good teacher should prepare himself or herself with various and up-todate techniques. By having various techniques, it is expected the teaching and learning process would not be monotonous and it may gain satisfying results.

Research Methodology
This research belonged to descriptive qualitative research. According to [16], qualitative research approaches collect data through observations, interviews, and document analysis and summarize the findings primarily through narrative or verbal means. [17] states the purpose of qualitative research is to understand something specifically, not always looking for the cause and effect of something and to deepen comprehension about something that studied. The data used in this research was words in the utterances spoken by the main characters in movie "Wonder". [18] states that source data on the research is subject from where data can be gained. Lofland in [19] also state that the main data sources in qualitative research is words and actions, the rest is additional data such as documents and others. The source of this research was taken from the movie "Wonder". The instrument in this research was the writers themselves who act as planners, decision data analyzer, interpreter and also the reporting the results of the research. [20] states that without knowing the techniques of collecting data, the researchers will not get the data which meet the standard of set in data. In this research, the writers did some steps to collect the data. Those were watching the movie, reading the movie script, and identifying the word formation processes. In analyzing the data, the writers conducted some steps: identifying word formation processes in the utterances used by the main characters, classifying the data into types of word formation based on George Yule's theory, and applying the finding to teach vocabulary.

Result
From the movie "Wonder", the writers found 148 word formations that can be classified into 10 types. Types of word-formation processes used in movie "Wonder" are presented on the table below. According to the table above, it can be concluded that there are ten word-formation processes happened in movie "Wonder". The table also indicated that the most dominant type of word formation is compounding which contains 36% from 148 data of word formation processes. The writers also found 5 of coinage (4%), 23 of borrowing (16%), 2 of blending (1%), 8 of clipping (5%), 3 of backformation (2%), 5 of conversion (4%), 2 of acronyms (1%), 45 of derivation (30%), and 2 of multiple processes (1%).

Discussion
The discussion of types of word formation used by the main characters in movie "Wonder" will be presented as follows:

a. Coinage
Some examples of coinage found in the movie will be explained as follows: Smarties is a brand of food product, that is colour-varied sugar-coated chocolate. Smarties is originally introduced by H.I. Rowntree & Company since 1937, and then currently produced by Nestlé. Smarties are oblate spheroids that come in eight colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, mauve, pink, and brown. 5) "I'm not saying poison or anything, but just little Benadryl…" (97/CNG/JS/00:56:06) The word Benadryl is a brand name of antihistamine medications. It is used to stop allergies, including diphenhydramine, acrivastine, and cetirizine. Benadryl has been manufactured by Johnson & Johnson since 1946.

b. Compounding
In this research, the writers find some compounding words as follows: 1) "Eat ice cream. Ride my bike." (2/CMP/AU/00:01:28) The word ice cream derives from Noun + Noun. Ice cream is a cold sweet food made from frozen milk, sugar, and a flavor. 2) "They've helped me to breathe, to see, to hear without a hearing aid, …" (16/CMP/AU/00:02:52) The word without derives from Preposition + Adverb. Without means not having or doing something, or lacking of something.
3) "So this is our homeroom. …" (34/CMP/JL/00:07:22) Homeroom derives from Noun + Noun. It means the classroom session in which a teacher records attendance and makes announcements. It can also be called registration or planning period. The concept is used in schools around the world. 4) "Well I know it's hard, but you have to understand that …" (49/CMP/IS/00:10:43) Understand derives from Preposition + Verb. It means to know the meaning of something, whether situation or message that someone says. 5) "All right, I'll let you have all my candy." (92/CMP/OV/00:50:21) All right derives from Adjective + Adjective. The word all right in this context is used to show that something agreed or acceptable. The other meaning of the word all right is to say that something is satisfactory, good enough, or safe.

c. Borrowing
The writers will explain some examples of borrowing words as follows: 1) "Via and I have been best friends since kindergarten." (105/BRW/MR/01:01:30) The term Kindergarten comes from German "kinder-garten". Kinder means children, meanwhile garten means garden. Therefore, Kindergarten means a garden of children, a place for the children aged 5 in their first year of school. 2) "Who was his old boss." (108/BR/MR/01:01:59) The term Boss derives from Dutch "baas", from Middle Dutch "baes" that means "master of a household, friend". Nowadays, Boss means the person who is in charge of an organization and who tells others what to do.
3) "Well, um, she was whimpering." (126/BR/OV/01:13:05) The term Whimper derives from German "wimmern" that means to whimper, moan. Whimper means (especially of an animal) to make a series of small, weak sounds, expressing unhappiness or pain. 4) " Step right up to witness Earth's greatest mystery, the volcano." (136/BR/JL/01:25:11) Volcano comes from Italian "volcano" that means burning mountain. Volcano is a mountain with a large circular hole at the top through which lava (= hot liquid rock) gases, steam and dust are or have been forced out. 5) "And we all deserve a standing ovation at least once in our lives." (148/BR/AU/01:44:37) Ovation derives from middle French "ovation" or directly from Latin "ovationem" that means a triumph, rejoicing. Ovation is a situation when a crowd of people express great enjoyment and/or approval of something with loud and long clapping.

d. Blending
The writers find two blending words as follows: 1) "But none of them have made me look ordinary." (17/BL/AU/00:02:59) The word None is blended from "No" + "One". None is categorized into pronoun. 2) "My mom still doesn't think I can use a MetroCard." (67/BL/OV/00:29:36) The word MetroCard comes from "Metropolitan" + "Card". Metropolitan is related to a large city. MetroCard is a magnetic stripe card that is used for the primary payment on transportation in the New York City area, such as subway, transit buses, and train. The card was launched in 1992 and operated by Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).

e. Clipping
The writers find some clipping word processes as follows: 1) "Eat ice cream. Ride my bike." (3/CL/AU/00:01:28) The word "bicycle" is shortened by deleting two syllables to become "bike" only. "Bicycle" is a twowheeled vehicle that you sit on and move by turning the two pedals.
2) "I know my family loves me, but ever since my grandma died," (63/CL/OV/00:27:38) The word "grandmother" is shortened become "grandma". Grandma means the mother of our father or mother.
3) "In a sec." (71/CL/JW/00:36:44) The word Second is reduced to become sec. Second in this context means a very short period of time. 4) "So you do the math." (77/CL/IS/00:43:21) The word Math is clipping. It derives from Mathematics that is shortened by deleting the last three syllables. 5) "Do you think the vet can fix her?" (127/CL/AU/01: 13:14) The word Vet is also categorized as clipping. Vet comes from the word Veterinarian. Veterinarian means a person with a medical degree trained to take care of the health of animals.

f. Backformation
The writers find three backformation processes as follows: 1) "Prepare for blastoff." (53/BF/NT/00: 13:39) The word prepare is formed by deleting the suffix -ion from the word "preparation". There is also a change of class function of word from noun to become verb. 2) "Precepts can help motivate us." (58/BF/BRW/00: 16:10) "Motivation" is shortened to become motivate by deleting the suffix -ion. There is also a change of class function of word from noun to become verb. Imagine comes from the word "Imagination" by deleting the suffix -ion. The word "Imagination" is reduced to form a verb.

g. Conversion
In this research, the writers find five conversion words as follows: 1) "I auditioned for Annie on Broadway." (35/CNV/CHR/00:07:35) Audition comes from class of noun which means a short performance to show someone ability and suitability for a particular play, film, show, etc. The word audition can be changed into different function as verb which means to make someone do a short performance to show his/her ability and suitability for a particular play, film, show, etc. The verb audition in this case is added by suffix -ed because the utterance is in the past tense. However, it would not change the base form.
2) "just picture where you wanna be." (54/CNV/AU/00:14:28) The word picture comes from class of noun which means a drawing, painting or photograph, or a situation described in a particular way. In this case, the word picture is changed into different function as verb which means to imagine something.
3) "They study theatre in the fall and do a play in the spring." (64/CNV/JS/00:29:01) Play derives from class of verb which means to spend time doing an enjoyable and/or entertaining activity. In this case, the word play can be changed into different class as noun which means to act the role of somebody in a theatre or on television. 4) "Because I want some nice friends for a change." (95/CNV/SUM/00:55:21) The word change comes from class of verb which means to make or become different. In this case, the word change is changed into different function as noun which means something different, or the result of something becoming different. 5) "But I could sure use some help right now." (117/CNV/MR/01:03:58) Help derives from class of verb which means to make it easier or possible for somebody to do something by doing something for them or by giving them something that they need. In this case, the word help is changed into different function as noun which means the fact of being useful.

h. Acronyms
The writers find two acronyms words as follows: 1) "Mrs. Pullman, so good to see you again." (24/ACR/TM/00:04:50) Mrs. stands for "Mistress" which is a title used before the surname or full name of a married woman without higher or honorific or professional title. Mr. is formed from "Mister" which means a title used before the surname or full name of a man without higher or honorific or professional title.

i. Derivation
Some examples of derivation words will be showed as follows: 1) "I'm pretty much totally and completely petrified." (23/DRV/AU/00:04:07) The word totally derives from root "total" which means being the final number of people or things when they have all been counted. In this case, the word "total" is changed into class of adverb by adding the suffix -ly, which is used to emphasize a clause or statement. Remind derives from the word "mind" which is added by the prefix -re. Remind means to put someone in mind of something. There is also a change of class function of word from noun to become verb.
3) "Just trying to lighten the mood." (59/DRV/NT/00:21:38) The word lighten derives from "light" + -en. "Lighten" in this case means to make something relaxed and less serious. There is also a change of class function of word from noun to become verb. 4) "She fell asleep." (69/DRV/NT/00:30:34) Asleep derives from "sleep" which is added by the prefix a-. The meaning of "asleep" is being in a state of sleep. There is also a change of class function of word from verb to become an adjective. 5) "It's none of your business!" (86/DRV/AU/00:48:15) Business derives from "busy" which is added by the suffix -ness. "Business" in this case means a situation or activity, often one that you are giving your opinion about. There is also a change of class function of word from adjective to become noun.

j. Multiple Processes
There are two multiple processes found in the "Wonder" movie and they will be showed as follows: 1) "I cannot home school him forever." (18/MP/IS/00:03:07) Home school is a word that having multiple process. First is having compounding process between home and school as home school. Second is having conversion process by changing the class function of word from noun to become verb. 2) "I auditioned for Annie on Broadway." (36/MP/CHR/00:07:35) Broadway is also formed from a multiple process. First is having compounding process between broad and way as Broadway. Then, in this case, the word Broadway comes from a name of a famous theatre in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. This is called coinage process.
To apply the result of this research, the writers suggest English teachers to conduct some steps in teaching vocabulary; 1) Teachers explain about the definition and the types of word formation, 2) Teachers divide the class into several groups, 3) Teachers instruct students to watch movie "Wonder" then analyze the word formation in their group, 4) In the group, students analyze types of word formation processes on the utterances used in the movie, and 5) Students present their discussion result in front of the class.

Conclusion
Based on George Yule's theory, there are 148 words of word formation found in movie "Wonder" that are classified into ten types of word formation. It consists of 53 of compounding (36%), 5 of coinage (4%), 23 of borrowing (16%), 2 of blending (1%), 8 of clipping (5%), 3 of backformation (2%), 5 of conversion (4%), 2 of acronyms (1%), 45 of derivation (30%), and 2 of multiple processes (1%). The most dominant type of word formation found in movie "Wonder" is compounding which consists of 53 words (36%) from total 148 words. Compounding is very common in languages, including in English. Therefore, no wonder compounding becomes the most dominant type of word formation found in movie "Wonder".
The result of this research can be applied to teach vocabulary at senior high school. In future, teaching vocabulary, especially in word formation, can apply more other movies or other sources to provide various learning media to the learners.