Immersion Cooling Untuk Manajemen Termal Baterai Lithium-Ion: Tinjauan Kritis Terhadap Pemilihan Coolant, Performa Termal, Keselamatan, dan Arah Riset Masa Depan
Abstract
Peningkatan penggunaan baterai lithium-ion pada kendaraan listrik dan sistem penyimpanan energi menuntut sistem manajemen termal yang lebih efektif. Artikel kajian ini bertujuan meninjau potensi immersion cooling sebagai alternatif pendinginan baterai melalui analisis literatur terkait fluida dielektrik, performa termal, keselamatan, dan tantangan implementasi. Kajian dilakukan dengan menelaah artikel ilmiah tentang battery thermal management system, single-phase dan two-phase immersion cooling, pemilihan coolant, serta risiko thermal runaway. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa immersion cooling berpotensi menurunkan temperatur maksimum dan meningkatkan keseragaman temperatur karena kontak langsung antara baterai dan fluida pendingin. Namun, penerapannya masih dibatasi oleh biaya coolant, viskositas, pressure drop, kompatibilitas material, kestabilan jangka panjang, dampak lingkungan, dan validasi pada level battery pack. Penelitian masa depan perlu diarahkan pada coolant ramah lingkungan, optimasi desain aliran, pengujian thermal runaway, serta analisis techno-economic dan life cycle assessment.
References
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Zhang, J., et al. (2022). Advanced thermal management system driven by phase change materials for power lithium-ion batteries: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 159, 112207. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112207
Zhu, H., Ma, Y., E, J., & Wei, S. (2024). Channel structure design and optimization for immersion cooling system of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Energy Storage, 77, 109930. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109930
Zuo, X., et al. (2025). Water-immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management: A systematic experimental and numerical study. Batteries, 11, 416. doi:10.3390/batteries11110416
Bernardi, D., Pawlikowski, E., & Newman, J. (1985). A general energy balance for battery systems. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 132(1), 5-12. doi:10.1149/1.2113792
Choi, H., Lee, H., Kim, J., & Lee, H. (2023). Hybrid single-phase immersion cooling structure for battery thermal management under fast-charging conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 287, 117053. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117053
Febriyanto, R., Ariyadi, H. M., Pranoto, I., & Rahman, M. A. (2024). Experimental study of serpentine channels immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management using single-phase dielectric fluid. Journal of Energy Storage, 97, 112799. doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.112799
Goodarzi, M., et al. (2023). Experimental study of Li-ion battery thermal management based on the liquid-vapor phase change in direct contact with the cells. Journal of Energy Storage, 62, 106834. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.106834
Han, J. W., Garud, K. S., & Lee, M. Y. (2022). Experimental study on dielectric fluid immersion cooling for thermal management of lithium-ion battery. Symmetry, 14(10), 2126. doi:10.3390/sym14102126
Hussain, M., Khan, M. K., & Pathak, M. (2024). Thermal management of high-energy lithium titanate oxide batteries using an effective channeled dielectric fluid immersion cooling system. Energy Conversion and Management, 313, 118644. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118644
Jithin, K. V., & Rajesh, P. K. (2022). Numerical analysis of single-phase liquid immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management using different dielectric fluids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 188, 122608. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122608
Li, Y., Zhou, Z., Hu, L., Bai, M., Gao, L., Li, Y., Liu, X., Li, Y., & Song, Y. (2022). Experimental studies of liquid immersion cooling for 18650 lithium-ion battery under different discharging conditions. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 34, 102034. doi:10.1016/j.csite.2022.102034
Liu, J., Fan, Y., & Xie, Q. (2022). Feasibility study of a novel oil-immersed battery cooling system: Experiments and theoretical analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 208, 118251. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118251
Liu, Y., Aldan, G., Huang, X., & Hao, M. (2023). Single-phase static immersion cooling for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module. Applied Thermal Engineering, 233, 121184. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121184
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
Patil, M. S., Seo, J. H., & Lee, M. Y. (2021). A novel dielectric fluid immersion cooling technology for Li-ion battery thermal management. Energy Conversion and Management, 229, 113715. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113715
Roe, C., Feng, X., White, G., Li, R., Wang, H., Rui, X., Li, C., Zhang, F., Null, V., Parkes, M., Patel, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Ouyang, M., Offer, G., & Wu, B. (2022). Immersion cooling for lithium-ion batteries - A review. Journal of Power Sources, 525, 231094. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231094
Satyanarayana, G., Ruben Sudhakar, D., Muthya Goud, V., et al. (2023). Experimental investigation and comparative analysis of immersion cooling of lithium-ion batteries using mineral and Therminol oil. Applied Thermal Engineering, 225, 120187. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120187
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523-538. doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Wang, Y., Li, C., Wen, X., Cai, W., Jiang, Y., Wen, C., Wang, Y., Hu, L., Yu, H., Zhu, H., Guo, H., & Liu, D. (2023). Experimental studies on two-phase immersion liquid cooling for Li-ion battery thermal management. Journal of Energy Storage, 72, 108748. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.108748
Wu, N., Chen, Y., Lin, B., Li, J., & Zhou, X. (2023). Experimental assessment and comparison of single-phase versus two-phase liquid cooling battery thermal management systems. Journal of Energy Storage, 72, 108727. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.108727
Wu, W., Wang, S., Wu, W., Chen, K., Hong, S., & Lai, Y. (2019). A critical review of battery thermal performance and liquid based battery thermal management. Energy Conversion and Management, 182, 262-281. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.051
Zhang, J., et al. (2022). Advanced thermal management system driven by phase change materials for power lithium-ion batteries: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 159, 112207. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112207
Zhu, H., Ma, Y., E, J., & Wei, S. (2024). Channel structure design and optimization for immersion cooling system of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Energy Storage, 77, 109930. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109930
Zuo, X., et al. (2025). Water-immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management: A systematic experimental and numerical study. Batteries, 11, 416. doi:10.3390/batteries11110416
Published
2026-07-08
How to Cite
Aji, D. S., Markhiyano, R., Saksana, J. D., & Kusumaningrum, L. (2026). Immersion Cooling Untuk Manajemen Termal Baterai Lithium-Ion: Tinjauan Kritis Terhadap Pemilihan Coolant, Performa Termal, Keselamatan, dan Arah Riset Masa Depan. Auto Tech: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo, 21(02), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.37729/autotech.v21i02.7886
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